History of dictionaries: Japanese

From LibraryWiki

Start here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_dictionaries

1 From ancient dictionaries to modern ones
2 Some history
- 2.1 Some references
3 古代
4 中世
5 近世
6 近代
- 6.1 Grammar

From ancient dictionaries to modern ones

Dictionaries have been around for a long time in one form or another. Many of the modern ones include distillations of dictionaries that have come before. An example of an entirely different kind is a dictionary based entirely on natural language corpora. Some reference books point you to primary sources. Some encapsulate conventional practice. Some dictionaries were compiled by adherents to one school of thought as a reaction to the perceived inadequacies of other dictionaries compiled by followers of other schools. Each sort has its advantages, but it's important to be aware of what you're dealing with, because in human science there is no "ultimate authority" but direct experience, and any dictionary is at least one step removed from that.

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Some history

Writing came to Japan relatively late. Initially, the Japanese imported the Chinese writing system and the Chinese language, using Chinese dictionaries. These were basically of four types:

Dictionaries organizing words by semantic category: 『爾雅』 ; 『釈名』（後漢・劉煕）; 『広雅』（魏・張揖）; etc.
Dictionaries organizing characters according to radical: 『説文解字』（後漢・許慎）; 『玉篇』（梁・願野王）; 『康熙字典』（清）; etc.
Dictionaries organized by pronunciation designed as resources for poetry composition: 『切韻』（隋・陸法言ら）; 『広韻』（宋・陳彭年）; etc.
Dictionaries expaining the composition, pronunciation, and meaning of characters used in classical literature: 『経典釈文』（唐・陸徳明）; 『一切経音義』, etc.

The first dictionary that can truly be said to have been made by a native speaker of Japanese is the 篆隷万象名義 (Tenreibanshō myōgi) complied by 空海 (Kūkai) around 830 AD. Modeled after the Chinese dictionary　玉篇 (Gyokuhen in Japanese), it was meant to help explain the formation and usage of Chinese characters and Chinese expressions for Japanese who read and wrote in kanbun.. Being written entirely in kanbun itself, it wasn't a dictionary of the Japanese language.

As they adapted the system to write in their native Japanese, some scholars began to add 万葉仮名 transliterations (called 和訓) and even glosses to Chinese philological texts. The products of such efforts are the forerunners to the 漢和辞典. The 新選字鏡 (892 A.D.) can be said to be the first of these. The 倭名類聚抄 (931 - 937 A.D.) is another example. The 類聚名義抄 (c. 1100 A.D.) employed some 片仮名 in its transliterations as well as 万葉仮名.

The 色葉字類抄 (1144 - 1180 A.D) organized lexical items in order of the いろは sequence. This made it possible to look up 漢語 according to their pronunciation in Japanese. A later, expanded version 伊呂波字類抄 was compiled in the early 鎌倉時代.

Later, Japanese scolars began making lists of native Japanese words.

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Some references

Meicho. Tokyo: Meicho Fukyūkai, 1980-

名著. 東京: 名著普及会, 1980-

Z1035.A1 M44

Nihongo hyakka daijiten. (An encyclopaedia of the Japanese language). Kindaichi Haruhiko, Hayashi Ōki, Shibata Takeshi (henshū sekinin). Tōkyō: Taishūkan Shoten, 1988.

日本語百科大事典. 金田一春彥, 林大, 柴田武(編集責任). 東京: 大修館書店, 1988.

PL511 .N5 1988

Yamada Yoshio tsuioku honpō jishoshi ronsō. Yamada Tadao (hen). Tōkyō: Sanseidō, 1967.

山田孝雄追憶本邦辭書史論叢. 山田忠雄(編). 東: 三省堂, 1967.

PL673 .Y3

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古代

Shinsen jikyō. Shōjū. Tōkyō: Kojishosōkankankōkai, 1976.

新選字鏡. 昌住. 東京; 古辞書叢刊刊行会, 1976.

OCLC: 47470556

Wamyō ruiju shō. Minamoto, Shitagō, (cho); Kariya, Ekisai (Contributor); Tsujimura Toshiki (henshū). (Series: Waseda Daigaku zō shiryō eiin soshō. Kokusho hen ; dai 1-2-kan). Tōkyō: Waseda Daigaku Shuppanbu, 1987. (Shōwa 62).

倭名類聚鈔. 源順, (著); 狩谷夜斉 (書入),辻村敏樹(編集). (早稲田大学蔵資料影印叢書. 国書編 ; 第 1-2卷). 東京: 早稲田大学出版部, 1987. (昭和 62). (Also written as 倭名類聚抄 or 和名類聚抄. Also known as the 倭名抄).

Wamyō ruiju shō. Minamoto, Shitagō, (cho); Nara-ken Tenri-shi: Tenri Daigaku Shuppanbu; Tōkyō: Yagi Shoten, 1972. (Shōwa 46).

OCLC: 19593024

和名類聚抄. 源順(著); 三寶類字集天理圖書館善本叢書和書之部編集委員会 (代表: 野間光辰)(編集). 奈良県天理市: 天理大學出版部; 東京: 八木書店, 1971. (昭和46). (Also written as 倭名類聚鈔 or 倭名類聚抄. Also known as the 倭名抄).

OCLC: 19593024

倭名類聚抄(wamyō ruijyushō; 「和名類聚抄」とも書く) http://www.littera.waseda.ac.jp/wamyou/ “平安時代に作られたわが国最初の体系的な漢和辞典で承平年間（931～938）醍醐天皇の皇女勤子内親王の命によって源順が編纂しました。古代の国語、文化などの研究に欠かせない文献と云われています。”(http://www.ne.jp/asahi/koiwa/hakkei/rekiji.htm)

Ruijū myōgi shō. Zushoryō-bon Kunaichō Shoryōbu zō. Tokyo: Benseisha, 1969. (Shōwa 44).

類聚名義抄 (ruijyu myōgishō)

PL681.J3 R8 1969

Iroha jirui shō. Tachibana Tadakane (cho); Masamune Atsuo (hen). Tōkyō: Kazama Shobō, 1976. (Shōwa 51).

伊呂波字類抄. 橘忠兼(著); 正宗敦夫(編). 東京: 風間書房, 1976. (昭和 51). (also written 色葉字類抄 iroha jiruishō)

PL675 .T3 1976

Iroha jirui shō. Tachibana, Tadakane (cho); Kawase Kazuma (kaisetsu). Tōkyō: Yūshōdō, 1987. (Shōwa 62).

伊呂波字類抄. 橘忠兼 (著); 川瀨一馬(解說). 東京: 雄松堂, 1987. (昭和 62). (also written 色葉字類抄 iroha jiruishō)

PL674.5 .T3 1987

Iroha jirui shō kenkyū narabini sōgō sakuin. Nakada Norio, Minegishi Akira (kyōhen). Tōkyō: Kazama Shobō, 1977. (Shōwa 52).

色葉字類抄研究並びに總合索引. 中田祝夫, 峯岸明(共編). 東京: 風間書房, 1977. (昭和 52). (also written 色葉字類抄 iroha jiruishō)

PL681.C5 T3 1977

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中世

Title: 和玉篇 /

Wagyokuhen. Publication: [東京] : 古辞書叢刊刊行会, 1976. Tōkyō : Kojishosōkankankōkai, Year: 1976 Language: Japanese (Hide non-Roman characters) Series: 古辞書叢刊 Kojisho sōkan; Identifier: 漢字辞書. Kanji; Jisho. Document Type: Book Entry: 19940228 Update: 20061024 Accession No: OCLC: 47471349 Database: WorldCat

和玉篇

Title: 下學集; 元和三年版.

Kagakushū; Genʼna sannenban. Author(s): 東麓破衲. 山田忠雄, 1916- ed. Tōroku, Hanō. Yamada, Tadao,; 1916- ; ed. Publication: 東京, 新生社, 昭和43 (1968) Tōkyō, Shinseisha, Year: 1968 Description: 248 p. illus. 22 cm. Language: Japanese (Hide non-Roman characters) Series: 古辞書叢刋, 2 Kojisho sōkan,; 2; Standard No: LCCN: 77-816351 Descriptor: Japanese language -- Dictionaries -- Early works to 1867. Chinese characters -- Dictionaries -- Japanese. Note(s): 元和3年刋本(2卷)の複製, 東麓破衲序. 監集・解說者: 山田忠雄. Genna 3-nen kan hon (2-kan) no fukusei, Tōroku Hanō jo./ Kanshū kaisetsusha: Yamada Tadao. Class Descriptors: LC: PL675.5 Document Type: Book Entry: 19901205 Update: 20060622 Accession No: OCLC: 22777620 Database: WorldCat

Setsuyōshū. Tōkyō, Hakuteisha, 1967. (Shōwa 42).

節用集. 東京: 白帝社, 1967. (昭和42).

PL675 .S4 1967

字鏡集 (jikyō shu)Title: 字鏡集／

Jikyōshū / Author(s): 責任編集秋本守英．秋本守英， 1931- Akimoto, Morihide,; 1931- Corp Author(s): 龍谷大学. 仏教文化硏究所． RyuÌkoku Daigaku.; Bukkyō Bunka Kenkyūjo. Publication: 京都市：思文閣出版，昭和63 [1988] Kyōto-shi : Shibunkaku Shuppan, Year: 1988 Description: 2 v. ; 27 cm. Language: Japanese (Hide non-Roman characters) Series: 龍谷大学善本叢書； 8 Ryūkoku Daigaku zenpon sōsho ;; 8; Standard No: ISBN: 4784205101 : Descriptor: Japanese language -- Dictionaries -- Early works to 1868. Chinese characters -- Dictionaries -- Japanese. Note(s): Colophon inserted. Class Descriptors: LC: PL674.5 Responsibility: 責任編集秋本守英． sekinin henshū Akimoto Morihide. Document Type: Book Entry: 19911001 Update: 20040522 Accession No: OCLC: 24981908 Database: WorldCat

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近世

和漢三才圖會

類聚名物考

嬉遊笑覧

古今要覧稿 (kokinyō rankō)

Wakun no shiori : taikō. Tanikawa Kotosuga cho ; Ozaki Satoakira (hen). Tōkyō: Benseisha, 1984. (Shōwa 59).

和訓栞: 大綱. 谷川士清(著); 尾崎知光(編). 東京: 勉誠社,1984. (昭和 59).

PL674.5 .T36 1984

(Zōho) Rigen shūran. Murata, Ryōa. (originally published: Tōkyō: Kōten Kōkyūjo Insatsubu, 1899-1900. [Meiji 32 - 33]). Tōkyō: Meicho Kankōkai, 1965.

(増補)俚言集覽. 村田了阿. (東京: 皇典講究所印刷部, 1899-1900. [明治32-33]). 東京: 名著刊行会, 1965.

OCLC: 32227959

(Zōho) Gagen shūran. Ishikawa, Masamochi. Tōkyō: Kōeki Tosho Kabushiki Kaisha, 1903-1904. (Meiji 36 - 37).

[增補]雅言集覽. 石川雅望. 東京: 廣益圖書株式會社, 1903-1904. (明治36-37).

OCLC: 22921611

康煕字典

Title: 新修康熙字典 / Xin xiu Kangxi zi dian / Author(s): [張玉書 ... et al. 總閱 ; 凌紹雯 ... et al. 纂修 ; 高樹藩重修] 張玉書, 1642-1711. 凌紹雯. 高樹藩. Zhang, Yushu,; 1642-1711. Ling, Shaowen. Gao, Shufan. Publication: 台北 : 啓業書局, 民國68 [1979] Taibei : Qi ye shu ju, Year: 1979 Description: 2 v. (71, 2424, 276 p.) ; 22 cm. Language: Chinese (Hide non-Roman characters) Standard No: LCCN: 79-840599 Descriptor: Chinese language -- Dictionaries. Class Descriptors: LC: PL1420; Dewey: 495.13 Other Titles: 康熙字典. Kangxi zi dian. Responsibility: [張玉書 ... et al. 總閱 ; 凌紹雯 ... et al. 纂修 ; 高樹藩重修] [Zhang Yushu ... et al. zong yue ; Ling Shaowen ... et al. zuan xiu ; Gao Shufan chong xiu] Document Type: Book Entry: 19860616 Update: 20040915 Accession No: OCLC: 13734906 Database: WorldCat

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